Achieving power, excellence, and prosperity and wealth generation through utilization of new technologies such as nanotechnology is considered as one of Iran’ s Meta-policies. This research was conducted to assess and analyze the COOPERATION of INDUSTRIAL companies and nanotechnology oriented businesses in a process of developing a new product. Its goal is to recognize major challenges and propose new approaches and solutions to overcome them. To do so, multiple long-term case studies method was implemented upon nanotechnology businesses from 2010 to 2017. To gather data for this article, semi-structured interviews were conducted with business managers and directors and company CEOs, also documents such as meeting agendas and agreements were analyzed to complement the interviews. To assess and analyze the date open and axial coding method was used. Some challenges include lack of knowledge between new businesses and INDUSTRIAL companies, existential discrepancy of academic knowledge of a new business and traditional ways of a company towards innovation of new products and services, prolonged process of developing a new product and its complexities and expenses, oversimplified view of new product development, risks and mistrusts, unfair financial benefits made by COOPERATION and unwillingness of INDUSTRIAL companies to progress towards new fields of technologies. Based on the mentioned challenges, related approaches and solutions were compiled to resolve them.

The COOPERATION models between small knowledge-based companies and INDUSTRIAL and economic firms are important for meeting the needs of the larger firms and entering the knowledge-based companies to market. The objective of the research is presenting a framework for developing the COOPERATION between small knowledge-based companies and INDUSTRIAL and economic firms based on Guaranteed-Buys method in the context of Iran. The research methodology was Case Study and the interview, literature review and investigation of the statistics and real events created the triangulation in this research. At the first, the nine challenges in the COOPERATION between small knowledge-based companies and INDUSTRIAL and economic firms in Iran were identified and thereafter the suggested framework tried to solve these challenges. In the framework, the functions of financing, warranty, capability building, Intermediation, facilitating and policy making, technical capability assessment and relationship were identified and investigated deeply in the context of Iran for intermediaries.

Inaccurate and incorrect interpretations of the Qur'an or presenting personal views using some verses of the Qur'an in the name of religion have led to the creation of views that in some cases are not in harmony with science or human experience. These views can weaken the divine religion. One of these views is the appointment of economic cooperative to Islam by referring to the verse called "cooperative". In this article, an attempt has been made to accurately translate the verse of COOPERATION by referring to the verses of the Qur'an and using the method of translating the Qur'an with the Qur'an and provide a more accurate understanding of the Qur'anic COOPERATION. Based on this, we come to the conclusion that the verse of COOPERATION in the Qur'an does not refer to issues in which there is a worldly personal interest, such as economic cooperative companies.

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Introduction: The hasty and chaotic withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan hastened the Taliban’s return to power in Kabul and revived old fears of contagion of conflict and terrorism to neighboring countries. In this regard, compared to the 1990s, the Taliban today are linked to international jihadist networks, and the Taliban’s goal remains the same as it was in the 1990s: to capture Kabul and establish an Islamic emirate based on Sharia. Therefore, Taliban dominance does not seem to guarantee peace. In fact, it could signal the emergence of a new wave of hostility and radicalization. Insofar as Afghanistan is a country fractured by ethnic, tribal, and religious divisions and has been at the center of geopolitical competition for centuries. On the other hand, despite the agreement between the US and the Taliban to prevent the activities of terrorist groups on Afghan soil, the Taliban have intensified their attacks on rural areas of several provinces, especially in northern Afghanistan, and have taken control of key border crossings and areas bordering Iran, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. These issues raise theoretical challenges and make it necessary to examine the challenges of Talibanism gaining power around the member states of the Shanghai COOPERATION Organization. Theoretical framework: The regional security complex theory not only presents the internal dynamics of regional systems as an independent whole, free from the effects of both macro (international system structure) and micro-level variables, but also has the ability to explain the dynamics of different regional systems. Buzan and Weaver define the regional security complex as: “a set of units in which their major processes of securitization and de-securitization are interconnected and whose security problems cannot be   logically analyzed or solved in isolation.” Hence, it can be argued that the regional security complex theory is fundamentally based on the concept of security dynamics and regional models. The main structure of this theory is formed by state-to-state relations across a geographical boundary that give rise to the region as it is. This is important insofar as political and military threats are more powerful in creating a sense of insecurity than other threats to state insecurity, which is related to geographical proximity. The center of gravity of the regional security complex theory is that security threats more easily affect nearby areas than those at greater distances. Methodology: The present research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection tool is library, document and internet studies. The methodological framework of this article is a qualitative study, considering the research topic and the theoretical framework. The qualitative analysis method emphasizes on the text that expresses the realities of the challenges of the Shanghai COOPERATION Organization. At the same time, it is practical in terms of purpose. So that the theoretical framework based on the regional security complex used in this research has become significantly popular in regional studies today. To the extent that it has been fruitful for descriptive and analytical purposes by referring to it. From this perspective, the present thesis uses description as a method in identifying theoretical concepts and definitions of existing literature and uses analysis in operationalizing the impact of the Taliban's re-empowerment on the Shanghai COOPERATION Organization. Results & Discussion: Today, regional powers increasingly describe Afghanistan as an isolated country in terms of military, economic, demographic, political and ideological resources to project power in the regional security complex, and also as a connecting country due to its unique geostrategic location at the crossroads of Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East, which has led to permanent instability, which has stemmed from internal power struggles and external interference and attempts to control Afghanistan. Since the 1990s, threats from Islamic extremists have become a common theme in the SCO region’s COOPERATION. As indigenous economic and physical constraints and regressive political developments hinder progress towards a new regional economic entity, the return of Taliban rule to Afghanistan would have important implications for the region and international politics more broadly. More generally, the potential challenges that a Taliban-ruled Afghanistan might pose to the security and regional interests of SCO member states are significant for the development of long-term COOPERATION. With the Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan following the US withdrawal, there has been growing speculation about what this could mean for neighboring countries. Indeed, the SCO’s primary concern has been to contain the spread of terrorism, extremism and separatism in SCO member states. The Taliban’s dominance in Afghanistan has been seen as a key base for Islamic extremism, with many extremists and Islamic terrorists being trained in the country. Cases that cause the member states of the Shanghai COOPERATION Organization to face crises in order to develop COOPERATION and pose numerous challenges for the member states of the Shanghai COOPERATION Organization, such as political-security, economic, border disputes, refugees, and ideological challenges.   Conclusions & Suggestions: Given the confrontation between the United States and the powerful SCO countries and many objective issues, more opportunities have been created for the SCO, which can become one of the most effective international organizations on the Eurasian continent. To this end, the SCO must resolve some internal issues that pose major obstacles to the further development of the organization. In particular, with the beginning of a new stage in the development of the SCO through the attraction of new members, a topic that includes the development of capabilities in the field of regional security has emerged. In fact, the expansion of the organization provides an opportunity to significantly optimize the task of COOPERATION in the field of regional security around countering terrorism, extremism, transnational crime and illegal drug trafficking. This is in the interests of all member states. Due to the overlapping borders of the countries with Afghanistan and the economic interdependence that is supposed to create a regional open market system, Afghanistan will have a great contribution to its neighbors if it is stable and prosperous.

Offset agreements are legal trade practices, common in the aerospace and military industries. The international names for these commercial practices are various: INDUSTRIAL compensations, INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION, offsets, INDUSTRIAL and regional benefits, balances and equilibrium. An offset agreement is an agreement between two parties whereby a supplier agrees to buy products from the party to whom it is selling, in order to win the buyer as a customer and offset the buyer's outlay. Generally the seller is a foreign company and the buyer is a government that stipulates that the seller must then agree to buy products from companies within their country. Indeed, INDUSTRIAL compensation practices required as a condition of purchase in either government-to-government or commercial sales of articles and/or services. Often, the aim of this process is to even-up a country's balance of trade. Although the offset agreement is so significant, it has been rarely known for inner academic associations; in this work, after brief introducing of the mechanism, variations and compensatory obligations of these contracts, we discuss about the structure of them and the tendency of their parties to bind independent contracts related to each other throughout a document called the protocol.

Ali Reza was my friend. I firmly believe that this friendship was mutual. In my long academic career, I had scientific COOPERATION with numerous colleagues (more than 800), but very few of them where my friends. Somewhere in the first years of the present century, I noticed that in Iran there is a mathematician producing remarkable results in Mathematical Chemistry. Soon we got in touch, soon we started to do joint research, soon Ali Reza became member of Editorial Board of our “MATCH Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry” (where he published a total of 43 contributions). Eventually, we met on many mathematical chemistry conferences held in Iran, when I experienced the unforgettableIranian hospitality. We also met on a couple of conferences in Dubrovnik, Croatia, on one of which Ali Reza was elected member of the International Academy of Mathematical Chemistry (to what I contributed a bit).

Domestic, regional and International activists has a close relationship with political-security decision-making and bargaining as an effective mechanism in the relations of the Persian Gulf COOPERATION Council. Any regional developments can affect the balance of power between the Persian Gulf countries. For this reason, the main goal of this research is to explain the degree of importance and the degree of influence of internal, regional and extra-regional actors on Iraq's participation and COOPERATION in the Persian Gulf COOPERATION Council. This research is applied and has been done by historical-correlation method. The collection of information is library and field and the sample size is 42 people. According to the findings of the research and based on Walt's defensive realism, Iraq's COOPERATION and participation in the three countries of the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia is affected by the similar perceptions and feelings that these countries have regarding Iran's threats in the region; Therefore, these countries have adopted the threat balance policy to deal with Iran's threats against their interests and security, but the two countries of Qatar and Oman follow the interest balance policy in order to maintain the regional balance. According to the results of the research, the order of priority of actors influencing Iraq's participation and COOPERATION in the COOPERATION Council includes: "regional actors", "Iraq", "international actors" and "J.A. Iran"..